Namen diplomske naloge je predstaviti, kako je učenje o znanosti lahko otrokom zanimivo. Otroci so po naravi radovedni in astronomija jim ponuja zanimive novosti. Zanimalo nas je, koliko otroci ...poznajo planete, Sonce in Luno ter kako se njihovo mišljenje spreminja skozi proces učenja. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 17 otrok iz vrtca Borisa Pečeta. Otrokom smo zastavili vprašanja in nekaj risalnih nalog. V začetku nas je zanimalo, kakšne so predstave otrok o Zemlji, Luni in Soncu. Ugotovili smo, da otroci poznajo Luno in Sonce, saj radi opazujejo nebo, vendar o njiju nimajo veliko podatkov. O Zemlji imajo otroci malo predstave in ne poznajo njenih lastnosti, saj je ne morejo opazovati kot Luno in Sonce. Kasneje smo preko iger, aktivnosti in zanimivih dejstev otroke podučili o osnovah astronomije. Na koncu smo ponovno preverili njihovo znanje. Zanimalo nas je, v kolikšni meri se bodo odgovori spremenili glede na pridobljeno znanje. Glede na rezultate smo ugotovili, da so otroci pridobili novo znanje oz. so nadgradili predhodnega. Prav tako je razvidno, da se otroci zavedajo osnovnih konceptov astronomije in si znajo razlagati nekatere astronomske dogodke. Rezultati kažejo, da je predstavo otrok o Zemlji, Soncu in Luni mogoče izboljšati s primernimi dodatnimi aktivnostmi, s čimer lahko predlogi iz diplomskega dela pripomorejo k izboljšanju načrtovanja dela vzgojiteljev v vrtcu.
The purpose of our thesis is to demonstrate that children could find learning about science interesting. A child is naturally curious and astronomy provides interesting novelties. We wanted to find out the extent of their knowledge about planets, the Sun and the Moon and their cognitive development throughout the learning process and have included 17 children from Boris Peče kindergarten in our research. First off we wanted to know how children perceive the Earth, the Moon and the Sun. Findings have shown, that the children know about the Moon and the Sun from observing the sky, but lack any data beyond that. The Earth is a different matter. Because they are not able to observe it like the Moon and the Sun, they have a hard time picturing it or attributing it any properties. At a later point we have introduced the basics of astronomy through games, activities and interesting facts. The purpose was to compare the previous answers with the new ones. Research has show that children either gained new knowledge or upgraded the previous one. It was apparent, that the children were aware of the basic principles of astronomy and were able to explain some of the astronomical events. Results show that childrens knowledge about the Earth, Sun and Moon can be upgraded with proper activities. In this thesis we can find the suggestions on how to improve teaching process in kindergarten.
Diplomsko delo z naslovom Astronavtika in pojav vesoljskega turizma obravnava problematiko astronavtike in vesoljskega turizma ter poznavanje tega področja pri učencih tretjega, petega in osmega ...razreda osnovne šole. Tema deluje na učence motivacijsko, hkrati pa omogoča, da si učenci ustvarijo boljšo predstavo o razdaljah med objekti v vesolju.
V teoretičnem delu naloge predstavimo splošne razmere in možnosti za potovanje v vesolje. Izpostavimo ovire, s katerimi se srečujemo pri potovanju po vesolju, omenimo prva živa bitja, ki so potovala v vesolje, in predstavimo ključne mejnike pri razvoju astronavtike. Posebej izpostavimo vesoljski turizem in razvoj vesoljskih agencij, ki bodo v prihodnje ponujale turistom polete v vesolje. Za boljšo predstavo o razdaljah med objekti v vesolju izdelamo različne primerjave razdalj med objekti v našem osončju. Ob koncu teoretičnega dela naloge predstavimo še didaktične pristope poučevanja astronomije ter vsebine iz učnih načrtov, ki se navezujejo na področje astronomije.
Namen praktičnega dela je raziskati predstave učencev o možnostih potovanja po vesolju. Poseben poudarek dajemo predstavi o oddaljenosti objektov v osončju, pri čemer izpostavljamo objekte, ki bi bili primerni za morebiten pristanek človeka. Proučujemo tudi razmišljanja otrok o možnih poletih, ki bi bili dosegljivi širšemu krogu ljudi, ne zgolj astronavtom. Zanimajo nas razlike v predstavah med mlajšimi in starejšimi učenci, na podlagi katerih podajamo predloge za izboljšanje predstav glede potovanja po vesolju. Ugotavljamo, da učenci tretjih in petih razredov osnovne šole pridobijo nekaj splošnega znanja o potovanju v vesolje, ki pa se ne nanaša na predstave o razdaljah med objekti v vesolju. Učenci osmih razredov osnovne šole že poznajo določene razdalje do zvezd, vendar o premagovanju razdalj med planeti in o času, ki je potreben za premagovanje teh razdalj, ne pridobijo dovolj znanja. Na podlagi rezultatov podamo nekaj primerov in napotkov za izboljšanje predstav glede krajevnih in časovnih omejitev pri potovanju med objekti v vesolju.
Diploma work entitled Astronautics presents the knowledge of astronautics and the phenomenon of space tourism, of primary school pupils in the third, the fifth and the eighth grade. The theme is highly motivating for the pupils and provides the link to knowledge of distances between the objects in the universe.
In theoretical part of the diploma work we first present the conditions for journey into space. Then we show the obstacles that are encountered, when travelling through space, we mention the first living creatures sent into space, and we present key milestones in the progress of astronautics. We expose the phenomenon of space tourism, where the tourists in space have the key role, and the development of space agencies, that will offer flights into space to tourist in the future. For better perception of distances between objects in the universe, we make various comparisons of distances between objects in our solar system. At the end of theoretical part we present methods for teaching astronomy and the contents of curricula that are related to the field of astronomy.
The aim of the empirical part is to test pupils' perception of possibilities of travelling in space. We emphasize the perception of distance of objects in our solar system, particularly the ones that would have been suitable for a possible human lending.
We also research the pupils' thinking of possible flights into space that would be accessible for a wider popularity, not just the astronauts. We are interested in differences in perception of younger and older pupils. And according to those we provide suggestions for improving the perceptions regarding travelling across the universe. We find out that pupils in the third and the fifth grade gain some general knowledge of space travelling that does not relate to the distances between objects in the universe. Eight grade pupils already know some distances to the stars, but they do not get sufficient knowledge about overcoming the distances between the planets, and about the time that is needed for overcoming those distances.
Based on results we name some examples and instructions for improving perceptions, regarding local and time limits in travelling between different objects in the universe.
V diplomskem delu se osredotočimo na dejavnosti s področja astronomije, ki so primerne za neposredno uporabo v praksi pri delu s predšolskimi otroci. V prvem delu postavimo teoretična izhodišča in ...opišemo pojme s področja astronomije. V drugem delu predstavimo sistematičen pregled dejavnosti, ki smo jih razvrstili glede na čas (dnevne in nočne aktivnosti) in prostor izvajanja (zunanje in notranje aktivnosti). Na več kot trideset primerih prikažemo zanimiv in pester nabor aktivnosti, ob katerih lahko otroci spoznajo naše Osončje, zvezde, gibanje Lune, svetlobo in sence, delovanje raket, itd.. Dejavnosti v veliki meri predvidevajo aktivno vključevanje otrok, kar še toliko bolj pripomore k samemu zanimanju in motivaciji za spoznavanje astronomije.
In the diploma thesis we focus on astronomy activities designed for direct incorporation in teaching activities of preschool age children. In the first part we provide a theoretical background and describe the main concepts in astronomy. In the second part we present a systematic overview of activities that were arranged with regard to the time (daylight and nighttime hours) and room (inside or outside). On altogether more than thirty examples we show a collection of activities, during which the pupils can learn about our solar system, the stars, movement of the moon, light and shadows, functioning of rockets, etc.. The proposed examples predict for the most of the part an active role of pupils, which additionally gives rise to their interest and motivation for learning astronomy.
Sunce se nalazi u središtu Sunčeva sustava, okružuje ga osam planeta. Ono je naša najbliža zvijezda koja na Zemlju šalje nezamislivu količinu energije. Proizvodi ju spajanjem atoma vodika u atome ...helija, a na Zemlju dolazi u obliku svjetlosti, topline i više vrsta zračenja. U ovome sam radu opisala važnost i utjecaj Sunčeve energije na naš planet Zemlju. Budući da svjetlosti i toplinom djeluje na biljke i vrlo važan proces fotosintezu, možemo reći da nam neizravno daje hranu i prijeko potreban kisik. Životinje mu prilagođavaju svoj izgled, rast, razvoj, razmnožavanje, stanište i kretanje. Osim na biljke i životinje, djeluje na životni ritam ljudi, vrijeme i klimu. Smatra ga se mogućim uzrokom globalnog zatopljenja. Unatoč opasnosti od raka kože, ima vrlo pozitivne učinke na zdravlje čovjeka.
The Sun is located in the center of the Solar System, it is surrounded by eight planets. The Sun is our closest star which sends unbelievable amount of energy on Earth. Produces it by joining hydrogen atoms into helium atoms and on Earth it comes in the form of heat, light and multiole types of radiation. In this paper I described the importance and influence of solar energy on our planet Earth. Since he with his light and heat is affecting plants and animals and very important process of photosynthesis, we can say that he indirectly provides food and the needed oxygen. Animals adapt their appearance, growth, development, propagation, habitat and movement to him. Except for plants and animals, he acts on life, time and climate. He is considered as a possible cause og global warming. Despite the dangers of skin cancer he has very positive effects on human health.
Diplomsko delo z naslovom Astronomija v vrtcu skozi lutkovno-gledališke dejavnosti je praktično diplomsko delo, v katerem je predstavljen inovativen umetniški naravosloven projekt, ki lahko služi kot ...učni model v vrtcu. Njegov poglavitni namen je spoznavanje osnov astronomije ob dejavnostih z lutkami. Diplomsko delo je sestavljeno iz teoretičnega in praktičnega dela. V teoretičnem delu smo podrobneje opredelili astronomijo. Poseben poudarek smo namenili planetom in ostalim nebesnim telesom v Osončju. Podrobneje smo predstavili lutke, otrokov razvoj ob igri z lutko ter metode dela z lutkami. Veliko pozornosti smo usmerili v lutkovno igro kot simbolno igro. V praktičnem delu je opisana izvedba projekta v vrtcu, v skupini otrok drugega starostnega obdobja. V petih pripravah so opisane vse dejavnosti, ki so nam pripomogle h končnemu rezultatu. Rdeča nit, ki je povezovala celoten projekt, je bila zgodba Kometek Raketek in Sončeva darila, skozi katero so otroci spoznali naše Osončje – planete in nebesna telesa ter njihove osnovne značilnosti. Skupaj z otroki smo pripravili vse potrebno za izvedbo preproste lutkovne predstave
otroci so spoznali zgodbo, sestavili so svojo lastno dramatizacijo, izdelali lutke v podobi planetov in nebesnih teles ter sceno za lutkovno predstavo. Končni rezultat projekta je bila lutkovna predstava, vendar smo dali večji poudarek procesu, skozi katerega so se otroci učili celostno. V zaključku smo opisali lastne vtise in spoznanja o projektu ter izpolnjene cilje.
This diploma paper entitled Astronomy in Kindergarten through Puppet Theatre Activities is a practical diploma, in which an innovative artistic science project is presented that can serve as an example model of teaching in kindergarten. Its main purpose is to teach the fundamentals of astronomy through activities with puppets. The work entails a theoretical and a practical part. In the theoretical part, the fundamentals of astronomy and puppet shows are described. Particular emphasis is placed on planets and other celestial bodies in our solar system. Moreover, the theory of puppets, the child’s development when playing with a puppet and work methods with puppets are presented. Much attention is focussed on the puppet show as a symbolic game. The practical part describes the implementation of the project in kindergarten, in a group of children in the second age group. The whole project is divided in a five lesson plan. The common thread that connected the whole project was the story “Kometek Raketek in Sončeva darila” through which the children learned about our solar system – the planets and celestial bodies, as well as their basic characteristics. Together with children we made the necessary preparations for the performance of a simple puppet show
the children got to know the story, put together their own dramatization, made puppets in the form of the planets and celestial bodies, and the scene for the puppet show. The final manifestation of the project was a puppet show, but an even greater emphasis was placed on the very process through which the children learnt holistically. In the conclusion, our own impressions, insights on the project and the goals met are described.
Namen raziskave je ugotoviti poznavanje planetov med učenci nižjih razredov osnovne šole. Zanimalo nas je, koliko učenci poznajo planete po imenu in kako jih prepoznajo na podlagi slikovnega gradiva. ...V nadaljevanju smo želeli raziskati predstave učencev o planetih in njihovih lastnostih. Pri tem nas je zanimalo, ali učenci poznajo velikosti planetov in razmere na njih in ali ločijo planete od zvezd in naravnih satelitov. Na koncu pa smo preverili še, kaj učenci vedo o opazovanju planetov. Ugotovili smo, da učenci v glavnem prepoznajo planete po imenu, ne vedo pa, kaj je planet, kaj naravni satelit in kaj zvezda. Ugotovili smo tudi, da ne vedo, kako je sestavljen naš planetni sistem. Ne znajo si predstavljati razdalj med planeti, čeprav vedo, da so planeti od Zemlje zelo oddaljeni. Velikosti in razmere na planetih so jim v glavnem poznane, ne vedo pa si jih predstavljati. Znanje s področja opazovanja planetov je pri učencih precej pomanjkljivo. Planetov na nebu ne znajo ločiti od zvezd. Ne vedo, da lahko planete opazujejo kar s prostim očesom ali z daljnogledom in da nekateri planeti svetijo svetleje od zvezd.
The purpose of this research is to establish what primary school students in the lower grades know about planets. We wanted to know if the students can name planets, if they can recognize them, and furthermore what ideas and notions they have concerning planets and their characteristics. We wanted to find out if they know how big planets are, if they know the conditions on different planets and the difference between planets, stars and natural satellites. At the end we asked them about observing the planets. We concluded that most of the students can name planets, but they do not know the difference between planets, natural satellites and stars. They also do not know our planetary system. Although they know that planets are very distant, they cannot imagine what that distance means. Their knowledge about observing the planets is insufficient. They cannot tell the difference between planets and stars, and they do not know that they can observe planets with the naked eye or with binocular glasses. They also do not know that some planets shine stronger than stars.
Four methods for extracting height data from photographs made with active or passive sensors are described: clinometry, stereometry, interferometry, and polarimetry. Clinometry is described in ...detail. It is a method which extracts height data from just one photograph with the use of the shape-from-shading principle. Digital terrain models of planets Mercury, Venus and Mars and smaller bodies of the Solar system are described. Emphasis is given on the use of the clinometry.
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Le desir de voler a de tout temps berce l'humanite. Les progres de la technologie ont rendu ce reve possible en ouvrant la voie des airs et en donnant naissance a un projet encore plus ambitieux : ...celui d'echapper a la gravite terrestre. Aujourd'hui, apres les vols spatiaux orbitaux et vers la Lune, c'est la planete Mars qui insuffle a l'homme un nouvel espoir de conquete. Ce voyage aux limites de l'extreme pour lequel le retour n'est en rien garanti imposerait a l'homme des contraintes sans precedent. Celles-ci risquent de mettre a l'epreuve ses capacites adaptatives et de reveler la dimension conflictuelle de la motivation A' cosmonautique A'. Les donnees de la litterature pointent a la fois les enjeux de cette motivation singuliere et les troubles psychiques susceptibles de survenir dans l'environnement hostile de l'espace. Face a cette entreprise a haut risque, une reflexion psychopathologique est a mener quant a l'engagement de ceux qui envisagent de se porter volontaires pour le premier voyage vers Mars. Par ailleurs, cette exploration d'espaces inconnus, non sans incidence pour l'humanite, impose un questionnement ethique.
